Identity misconfigurations create persistent attack vectors that bypass perimeter defenses and enable credential-based breaches. Security teams discover these gaps too late—after dormant privileged accounts get compromised, excessive permissions enable lateral movement, or missing MFA requirements allow password-only access to critical systems. For security architects, ISPM provides the data needed to enforce least privilege principles across complex environments. Without this visibility, teams implement access controls reactively, often after discovering problems through incidents or compliance failures. Core capabilities include Risk Discovery and Inventory, Continuous Risk Assessment, Remediation Orchestration, Compliance Monitoring.